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Zoo Siab

Cov Kev Ntsuas Xyuas Txog Tus Mob Down yog dab tsi?

Down syndrome yog ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb uas ua rau muaj kev txawj ntse, muaj lub cev sib txawv, thiab muaj ntau yam mob. Cov no suav nrog kev kho plawv, tsis hnov ​​lus, thiab mob qog. Down syndrome yog ib hom kev mob ntawm cov keeb caj ces.

Cov chromosomes yog cov ntu ntawm koj lub hlwb uas muaj koj cov noob caj noob ces. Cov noob yog cov seem ntawm DNA tso tawm los ntawm koj niam thiab koj txiv. Lawv nqa cov ntaub ntawv uas txiav txim siab koj cov xeeb ceem tshwj xeeb, xws li qhov siab thiab xim qhov muag.

  • Tib neeg ib txwm muaj 46 chromosomes, muab faib ua 23 khub, nyob hauv txhua lub cell.
  • Ib nkawm ntawm ob tug khub yog los ntawm koj niam, thiab lwm tus khub los ntawm koj txiv.
  • Hauv Down syndrome, muaj ib daim ntawv ntxiv ntawm cov chromosome 21.
  • Cov chromosome tshwj xeeb hloov pauv txoj kev ntawm lub cev thiab lub paj hlwb.

Down syndrome, tseem hu ua trisomy 21, yog cov kev mob ntsws tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas.

Hauv ob daim ntawv mob uas tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, hu ua mosaic trisomy 21 thiab transisation trisomy 21, cov chromosome tsis qhia nyob hauv txhua lub cell. Cov neeg muaj qhov tsis zoo no feem ntau muaj tsawg dua ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab kev noj qab haus huv muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov qauv kev mob Down tsawg dua.


Kev ntsuam xyuas tus mob syndrome qhia pom tias koj tus menyuam mos hauv plab yuav muaj tus mob Down syndrome npaum li cas. Lwm yam kev sim ua pov thawj lossis txiav txim tawm ntawm kev kuaj mob.

Yuav xeem dab tsi siv rau?

Kev kuaj mob syndrome Down syndrome yog siv los tshuaj ntsuam lossis kuaj mob syndrome. Kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tus mob syndrome muaj feem tsawg lossis tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo rau koj lossis koj tus menyuam, tabsis lawv tsis tuaj yeem qhia koj kom paub meej tias koj tus menyuam puas muaj mob ntsws.

Kev kuaj mob thaum cev xeeb tub tuaj yeem paub meej lossis txiav txim tawm qhov kev kuaj mob, tabsis kev tshuaj ntsuam muaj qhov phom sij me me uas yuav ua rau menyuam yaus.

Vim li cas kuv thiaj yuav tsum kuaj tus mob Down syndrome?

Ntau tus kws saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv pom zoo Down syndrome kuaj mob thiab / lossis kuaj mob rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub uas muaj hnub nyoog 35 xyoo lossis laus dua. Leej niam lub hnub nyoog yog qhov pheej hmoo ua rau muaj me nyuam nrog mob Down. Txoj kev pheej hmoo yuav nce zuj zus thaum tus poj niam laus zuj zus. Tab sis koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj kev pheej hmoo siab yog tias koj twb muaj me nyuam nrog Mob Hlwb Mob thiab / lossis muaj keeb kwm muaj teeb meem hauv tsev neeg.

Ib qho ntxiv, koj yuav xav tau kev ntsuam xyuas los pab koj npaj yog tias cov txiaj ntsig pom tau tias koj tus menyuam yuav muaj mob vwm. Kev paub ua ntej tuaj yeem muab sijhawm rau koj los npaj saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev pabcuam rau koj tus menyuam thiab tsev neeg.


Tab sis kev sim tsis yog rau txhua tus. Ua ntej koj txiav txim siab mus kuaj, xav txog koj txoj kev xav thiab koj yuav ua li cas tom qab paub cov txiaj ntsig. Koj yuav tsum nrog koj tus khub tham thiab koj tus kws kho mob tham txog koj cov lus nug thiab kev txhawj xeeb.

Yog tias koj tsis tau kuaj thaum cev xeeb tub lossis xav paub meej txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lwm qhov kev sim, koj tuaj yeem xav kuaj koj tus menyuam yog tias nws muaj tsos mob Down syndrome. Cov no suav nrog:

  • Nkaum ntsej muag thiab qhov ntswg
  • Lub qhov muag almond-puab qhov muag uas maj mam nce rov qab
  • Me me pob ntseg thiab qhov ncauj
  • Cov pob me me dawb rau ntawm qhov muag
  • Lub cev tsis muaj zog
  • Kev loj hlob qeeb

Dab tsi yog cov khoom sib txawv ntawm kev kuaj mob Down?

Nws muaj ob hom kev soj ntsuam ntawm Down syndrome: kev tshuaj ntsuam thiab kuaj mob.

Kev kuaj mob syndrome nrog rau cov kev sim hauv qab no thaum lub sijhawm cev xeeb tub:

  • Thawj lub hlis kuaj xyuas suav nrog kev kuaj ntshav uas kuaj cov qib ntawm qee cov protein nyob hauv niam cov ntshav. Yog tias qib tsis zoo, nws txhais tau tias muaj feem ntau dua ntawm tus menyuam muaj Down syndrome. Qhov kuaj xyuas kuj suav nrog ultrasound, ib qho kev ntsuas ntsuas uas ntsia cov me nyuam hauv plab rau cov cim ntawm Down syndrome. Kev kuaj mob yog ua tiav qib 10 thiab 14 lub lim tiam ntawm cev xeeb tub.
  • Kev ntsuam xyuas lub hlis thib ob. Cov no yog cov kev kuaj ntshav uas tseem saib rau qee yam tshuaj hauv niam cov ntshav uas yuav yog qhov pom ntawm Down syndrome. Lub sijhawm kuaj pom peb zaug yuav muaj peb yam sib txawv. Nws tau ua nyob nruab nrab ntawm 16th thiab 18 lub lim tiam ntawm cev xeeb tub. Txoj kev ntsuas plaub ntu zoo saib rau plaub yam sib txawv thiab tau ua nyob nruab nrab ntawm 15th thiab 20 lub lim tiam ntawm cev xeeb tub. Koj tus kws khomob yuav hais kom ib lossis ob qho tibsi ntawm cov kev xeem no.

Yog tias koj tus mob Down syndrome qhia pom tias nws muaj feem mob Down syndrome ntau dua, koj yuav tau ntsuas mus tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kom paub tseeb lossis txiav txim qhov mob.


Down syndrome kuaj mob ua thaum cev xeeb tub muaj xws li:

  • Amniocentesis, uas siv ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov kua dej amniotic, kua uas nyob ib puag ncig koj tus menyuam hauv plab. Feem ntau nws tau ua nruab nrab ntawm 15th thiab 20 lub lim tiam ntawm cev xeeb tub.
  • Chorionic villus piv txwv (CVS), uas siv ib qho piv txwv los ntawm cov hno, lub cev uas txhawb nqa koj tus menyuam hauv plab. Feem ntau nws tau ua nruab nrab ntawm 10 thiab 13 lub lim tiam ntawm cev xeeb tub.
  • Kev soj ntsuam ntshav sib luag (PUBS), uas siv ib qho ntshav los ntawm txoj hlab ntaws. PUBS muab qhov tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev mob tshwm sim ntawm Tus Mob Down thaum cev xeeb tub, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem ua kom txog thaum muaj menyuam hauv plab, thaum hnub 18 thiab 22 lub lis piam.

Kev mob tshwm sim tom qab yug:

Koj tus menyuam yuav tuaj yeem kuaj ntshav uas saib ntawm nws lub chromosomes. Qhov kev kuaj no yuav qhia koj kom paub meej seb koj tus menyuam puas muaj mob ntsws.

Yuav muaj dab tsi tshwm sim thaum kuaj ntsuas tus mob Down?

Thaum kuaj ntshav, tus kws saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv yuav nqa ntshav los ntawm txoj hlab ntshav hauv koj txhais caj npab, siv rab koob me me. Tom qab cov koob raug tso nkag, cov ntshav me me yuav raug sau rau hauv lub khob kuaj lossis vial. Koj tuaj yeem hnov ​​me ntsis thaum cov koob nkag mus lossis tawm. Qhov no feem ntau yuav siv sijhawm tsawg dua tsib feeb.

Rau thawj peb lub hlis dhau los ntawm ultrasound, tus kws kho mob yuav tshem cov cuab yeej siv hla koj lub plab. Cov cuab yeej siv suab tsis zoo los saib ntawm koj tus menyuam hauv plab. Koj tus kws khomob yuav kuaj xyuas qhov tuab ntawm sab nraum qab ntawm koj tus menyuam lub caj dab, uas yog tus cim qhia txog tus mob Down.

Txog amniocentesis:

  • Koj yuav tau pw ntawm koj sab nraum qab ntawm lub rooj kuaj mob.
  • Koj tus kws kho mob yuav tshem cov cuab yeej siv hla koj lub plab. Ultrasound siv suab tsis zoo los kuaj xyuas qhov chaw ntawm koj lub tsev menyuam, me nyuam, thiab menyuam.
  • Koj tus kws kho mob yuav muab rab koob me me tso rau hauv koj lub plab thiab thim tawm cov kua txiv amniotic me me.

Rau chorionic villus piv txwv (CVS):

  • Koj yuav tau pw ntawm koj sab nraum qab ntawm lub rooj kuaj mob.
  • Koj tus kws kho mob yuav tshem cov cuab yeej siv hla koj lub plab mus kuaj seb koj lub tsev menyuam, tus me nyuam, thiab tus me nyuam nyob qhov twg.
  • Koj tus kws kho mob yuav khaws cov hlwb ntawm cov hnoos qeev nyob rau hauv ib ntawm ob txoj kev: los ntawm koj lub ncauj tsev menyuam nrog txoj hlab nyias hu ua lub raj xa dej, lossis siv rab koob ntawm koj lub plab.

Txog kev sim ntshav sib luag (PUBS):

  • Koj yuav tau pw ntawm koj sab nraum qab ntawm lub rooj kuaj mob.
  • Koj tus kws kho mob yuav tshem cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob hla koj lub plab mus kuaj seb koj lub tsev menyuam, tus me nyuam, tus me nyuam, thiab txoj hlab ntaws.
  • Koj tus kws kho mob yuav muab rab koob me me tso rau hauv txoj hlab ntaws thiab tshem cov ntshav me.

Kuv puas yuav tau ua dab tsi los npaj rau qhov kev xeem?

Tsis muaj kev npaj tshwj xeeb xav tau rau Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas Down syndrome. Tab sis koj yuav tsum nrog koj tus kws kho mob tham txog cov kev pheej hmoo thiab txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kuaj mob.

Puas muaj kev pheej hmoo rau cov ntawv xeem?

Nws muaj feem ntau pheej hmoo me ntsis los kuaj ntshav lossis ultrasound. Tom qab kuaj ntshav, koj yuav hnov ​​mob me lossis mob ntawm qhov chaw tso rab koob, tab sis feem ntau cov tsos mob ploj mus sai.

Kev kuaj mob Amniocentesis, CVS, thiab PUBS feem ntau yog cov txheej txheem muaj kev nyab xeeb heev, tab sis lawv muaj kev pheej hmoo me me uas ua rau nchuav menyuam.

Cov txiaj ntsig li cas?

Kev kuaj mob los ntawm tus me nyuam muaj peev xwm tshwm sim tau tsuas yog pom tias koj muaj feem ntau yuav muaj me nyuam nrog tus mob Syndrome no, tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem hais qhia koj paub meej tias koj tus menyuam muaj mob ntsws syndrome tus me nyuam tsis muaj lub cev chromosomal tsis xws luag lossis teeb meem.

Yog tias koj cov kev kuaj mob Down tsis zoo li qub, koj tuaj yeem xaiv ua ib lossis ntau yam kev kuaj mob.

Nws tuaj yeem pab hais lus rau tus kws sab laj tswv yim caj ces ua ntej kuaj thiab / lossis tom qab koj tau txais koj cov txiaj ntsig. Tus kws pab tswv yim txog caj ces yog tus kws tshaj lij kawm tiav los ntawm kev tshawb fawb caj ces thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam caj ces. Nws tuaj yeem pab koj nkag siab koj qhov txheeb xyuas tau txhais li cas.

Kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog cov kev sim hauv chaw soj ntsuam, cov chaw siv ntsuas, thiab nkag siab cov txiaj ntsig tau.

Puas muaj lwm yam ntxiv uas kuv xav paub txog kev kuaj tus mob ntsws syndrome?

Kev tu me nyuam nrog tus mob Down tuaj yeem yog qhov nyuaj, tab sis kuj muaj txiaj ntsig. Tau txais kev pab thiab kev kho mob los ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb thaum ntxov lub neej tuaj yeem pab koj tus me nyuam ua tau raws li nws lub peev xwm. Ntau tus menyuam yaus nrog Tus Mob Hlwb Syndrome no loj hlob los ua lub neej zoo thiab muaj kev zoo siab.

Tham nrog koj tus kws saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thiab cov kws pab tswv yim txog kev kho mob tshwj xeeb, cov peev txheej, thiab pab txhawb nqa rau cov neeg muaj mob Down thiab lawv tsev neeg.

Ua tim khawv

  1. ACOG: Cov kws kho mob poj niam noj [Internet]. Washington D.C .: American College ntawm Obstetricians thiab Gynecologist; c2017. Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Kev Ntsuas Hauv Chaw Kuaj; 2016 Sep [raug nplua 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 3 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Prenatal-Genetic-Diagnostic-Tests
  2. American Cev xeeb Tub Lub Koom Haum [Is Taws Nem]. Irving (TX): Lub Koom Haum Asmeskas Kev Xeeb Tub; c2018. Amniocentesis; [kho tshiab 2016 Sep 2; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: http://americanpregnancy.org/prenatal-testing/amniocentesis
  3. American Cev xeeb Tub Lub Koom Haum [Is Taws Nem]. Irving (TX): Lub Koom Haum Asmeskas Kev Xeeb Tub; c2018. Chorionic Villus Qauv: CVS; [kho tshiab 2016 Sep 2; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: http://americanpregnancy.org/prenatal-testing/chorionic-villus-sampling
  4. American Cev xeeb Tub Lub Koom Haum [Is Taws Nem]. Irving (TX): Lub Koom Haum Asmeskas Kev Xeeb Tub; c2018. Cordocentesis: Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS); [kho tshiab 2016 Sep 2; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: http://americanpregnancy.org/prenatal-testing/cordocentesis
  5. American Cev xeeb Tub Lub Koom Haum [Is Taws Nem]. Irving (TX): Lub Koom Haum Asmeskas Kev Xeeb Tub; c2018. Tus Mob Cia: Cov Mob Hlwb 21; [kho tshiab 2015 Jul; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: http://americanpregnancy.org/birth-defects/down-syndrome
  6. American Cev xeeb Tub Lub Koom Haum [Is Taws Nem]. Irving (TX): Lub Koom Haum Asmeskas Kev Xeeb Tub; c2018. Ultrasound Sonogram; [hloov tshiab 2017 Nov 3; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: http://americanpregnancy.org/prenatal-testing/ultrasound
  7. Cov Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob [Is Taws Nem]. Atlanta: Asmeskas Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Tib Neeg; Cov lus tseeb txog Tus Mob Syndrome; [kho tshiab 2018 Feb 27; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/DownSyndrome.html
  8. Cov Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob [Is Taws Nem]. Atlanta: Asmeskas Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Tib Neeg; Kev Pab Cuam Ntawm Neej; [kho tshiab 2016 Mar 3; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/gtesting/genetic_counseling.htm
  9. Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas online [Internet]. Washington D.C .: Koom Haum Asmeskas Rau Chaw Kuaj Mob; c2001–2018. Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Mob Hlav (Karyotyping); [kho tshiab 2018 Jan 11; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://labtestsonline.org/tests/chromosome-analysis-karyotyping
  10. Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Xyuas online [Internet]. Washington D.C .: Koom Haum Asmeskas Rau Chaw Kuaj Mob; c2001–2018. Down Mob Hlwb; [kho tshiab 2018 Jan 19; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://labtestsonline.org/conditions/down-syndrome
  11. Lub Peb Hlis Dimes [Is Taws Nem]. Tiaj Dawb (NY): Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj Tim; c2018. Down Mob Hlwb; [hais 2018 2018 21]; [txog 3 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/down-syndrome.aspx
  12. Merck Los Ntawm Cov Neeg Siv Khoom Siv [Internet]. Kenilworth (NJ): Merck & Co. Inc .; c2018. Down Mob Hlwb (Trisomy 21); [hais 2018 2018 21]; [txog 3 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s- health-issues/chromosome-and-gene-abnormalities/down-syndrome-trisomy-21
  13. NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver Lub koom haum National of Child Health thiab Human Development (NICHD) [Is Taws Nem]. Rockville (MD): Asmeskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Tib Neeg; Cov kws saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv li cas thiaj kuaj pom muaj mob syndrome; [hais 2018 2018 21]; [txog 5 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/diagnosis
  14. NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver Lub koom haum National of Child Health thiab Human Development (NICHD) [Is Taws Nem]. Rockville (MD): Asmeskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Tib Neeg; Cov tsos mob Down syndrome zoo li cas ?; [hais 2018 2018 21]; [txog 5 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/ mob
  15. NIH Koom Haum Neeg Kev Tshawb Fawb Hauv Tib Neeg [Is Taws Nem]. Bethesda (MD): Asmeskas Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Tib Neeg; Chromosome Txawv Tebchaws; 2016 Jan 6 [raug nplua 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 3 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.genome.gov/11508982
  16. NIH Lub Tebchaws Asmeskas Cov Tsev Kuaj Tshuaj (Genetics) Hauv Tsev [Hauv Is Taws Nem]. Bethesda (MD): Asmeskas Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Tib Neeg; Down Mob Hlwb; 2018 Jul 17 [raug nplua 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 3 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/down-syndrome
  17. University of Rochester Medical Center [Internet]. Rochester (NY): Tsev kawm qib siab Rochester Medical Center; c2018. Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Phau Ntawv Tshaj Tawm: Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Mob Hlav; [hais 2018 2018 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=chromosome_analysis
  18. University of Rochester Medical Center [Internet]. Rochester (NY): Tsev kawm qib siab Rochester Medical Center; c2018. Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Phau Ntawv Kho Mob: Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) hauv cov menyuam yaus; [hais 2018 2018 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p02356
  19. UW Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv [Is Taws Nem]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin Cov Tsev Kho Mob thiab Chaw Kho Mob; c2018. Cov Ntaub Ntawv Noj Qab Haus Huv: Amniocentesis: Yuav Ua Li Cas; [kho tshiab 2017 Jun 6; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 6 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/amniocentesis/hw1810.html#hw1839
  20. UW Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv [Is Taws Nem]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin Cov Tsev Kho Mob thiab Chaw Kho Mob; c2018. Cov Ntaub Ntawv Noj Qab Haus Huv: Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): Yuav Ua Li Cas; [kho tshiab 2017 Tsib Hlis 17; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 6 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/medicaltest/chorionic-villus-sampling/hw4104.html#hw4121
  21. UW Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv [Is Taws Nem]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin Cov Tsev Kho Mob thiab Chaw Kho Mob; c2018. Cov Ntaub Ntawv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv: Down Syndrome: Kev Xeem thiab Kuaj; [kho tshiab 2017 Tsib Hlis 4; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 8 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/major/down-syndrome/hw167776.html#hw167989
  22. UW Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv [Is Taws Nem]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin Cov Tsev Kho Mob thiab Chaw Kho Mob; c2018. Cov Ntaub Ntawv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv: Down Syndrome: Xai Txheej txheem; [kho tshiab 2017 Tsib Hlis 4; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/major/down-syndrome/hw167776.html
  23. UW Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv [Is Taws Nem]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin Cov Tsev Kho Mob thiab Chaw Kho Mob; c2018. Cov Ntaub Ntawv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv: Kev Tshuaj Ntsuam Tus Thib Ib Rau Thaum Yug Los; [hloov tshiab 2017 Nov 21; hais 2018 Jul 21]; [txog 2 ntxaij]. Muaj los ntawm: https://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/special/first-trimester-saib-test/abh1912.html

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xaib no yuav tsum tsis txhob siv los hloov chaw kho mob lossis tswv yim kho mob. Hu rau kws kho mob yog tias koj muaj lus nug txog koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv.

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