Tus Sau: Monica Porter
Hnub Kev Tsim: 22 Taug Kev 2021
Hloov Hnub: 26 Lub Kawm Ob Hlis Ntuj 2024
Anonim
7 Cov Khoom Noj Ntxiv Koj Yuav Tsum Tau rau Kev Txhim Kho Vegan - Kev Noj Haus
7 Cov Khoom Noj Ntxiv Koj Yuav Tsum Tau rau Kev Txhim Kho Vegan - Kev Noj Haus

Zoo Siab

Peb suav nrog cov khoom uas peb xav tias tseem ceeb rau peb cov nyeem. Yog tias koj yuav los ntawm cov txuas hauv nplooj ntawv no, peb yuav khwv tau nyiaj me me. Ntawm no yog peb cov txheej txheem.

Ib qho kev txhawj xeeb ntau txog cov zaub mov vegan yog seb lawv muab koj lub cev nrog txhua yam vitamins thiab minerals uas nws xav tau.

Coob tus lees tias cov khoom noj khoom haus tag nrho, cog khoom noj khoom haus yooj yim raws li txhua yam khoom noj txhua hnub.

Qee tus txawm hais kom vegans zam rau txhua yam kev pabcuam ntxiv.

Txawm hais tias tau ua haujlwm zoo los xij, cov lus qhia no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau dua li qhov ua tau zoo.

Nov yog 7 cov zaub mov zoo uas koj yuav xav tau ntxiv nrog thaum noj zaub mov noj vegan.

1. Vitamin B12

Cov zaub mov feem ntau tau txais nplua nuj nyob hauv cov vitamins B12 suav nrog cov zaub tsis muaj qoob loo hauv lub cev, nceb cog hauv B12-nplua nuj cov av, nori, spirulina, chlorella, thiab cov poov xab zoo.


Ib txhia ntseeg vegans uas noj txaus cov khoom noj cog khoom zoo tsis tas yuav txhawj txog cov tshuaj vitamin B12 tsis txaus.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib lub hauv paus scientific rau txoj kev ntseeg no.

Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias thaum leej twg tuaj yeem muaj cov vitamin B12 tsawg, cov neeg tsis noj zaub thiab vegans muaj qhov pheej hmoo ntawm tsis muaj peev xwm txaus. Qhov no zoo li tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov vegans uas tsis noj tshuaj pab (,,).

Vitamin B12 yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau lub cev ntawm cov txheej txheem, nrog rau cov protein metabolism thiab tsim kom muaj oxygen-thauj cov ntshav liab. Nws kuj tseem yog qhov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev noj qab haus huv ntawm koj lub paj hlwb ().

Tsawg heev cov vitamin B12 tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj zog thiab lub hlwb txoj kev puas tsuaj, nrog rau ntxiv lawm tshob thiab cov pob txha thiab mob plawv (,,).

Kev noj tshuaj txhua hnub yog 2.4 mcg ib hnub rau cov neeg laus, 2.6 mcg ib hnub thaum cev xeeb tub, thiab 2.8 mcg ib hnub thaum pub niam mis.

Tib qho kev tshawb fawb tau qhia rau vegans kom ncav cuag cov qib no yog los ntawm kev noj zaub mov B12-muaj roj lossis noj tshuaj vitamin B12 ntxiv. B12-cov khoom noj muaj zog feem ntau suav nrog cov khoom cog, cov khoom ua kua, cov khoom noj tshais, thiab cov poov xab zoo.


Qee cov khoom noj cog ntoo zoo li muaj cov qauv vitamin B12 ib txwm muaj, tab sis tseem muaj kev sib cav txog seb daim ntawv no puas ua haujlwm hauv tib neeg (,,,,,,).

Dab tsi ntxiv, tsis muaj pov thawj tshawb pom tseeb nyob ntawm cov zaub tsis muaj qoob loo yog ib yam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov vitamins B12.

Poov xab uas muaj zaub mov zoo tsuas yog muaj cov vitamin B12 thaum muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov vitamin B12 yog lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab tuaj yeem thuam yog tias yuav los ntawm lossis khaws cia hauv cov hnab yas ntshiab (14).

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias muaj cov tshuaj B12 zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev txhaj tshuaj me me. Yog li, qhov tsawg dua koj tau noj vitamin B12, koj yuav tsum tau noj ntau dua.

Qhov no yog vim li cas vegans uas tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag kev pom zoo noj txhua hnub uas siv cov khoom noj muaj zog yuav tsum xaiv rau kev noj tshuaj txhua hnub muab 25-100 mcg ntawm cyanocobalamin lossis ib lim piam ntawm 2,000 mcg.

Cov uas ceebtoom txog kev noj tshuaj pab yuav pom tias qhov ua rau lawv tau txais cov ntshav ntawm vitamin B12 qib siab ua ntej noj ib qho twg.

Thaum kawg, koj lub peev xwm nqus vitamin B12 tsawg zuj zus nrog lub hnub nyoog. Yog li, lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tshuaj Kho Mob pom zoo kom txhua tus neeg muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 51 xyoos - vegan lossis tsis xav - txiav txim siab cov khoom noj uas muaj zog lossis muaj vitamin B12 ntxiv ().


Ntsiab lus Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas txhua tus vegans tau txais cov vitamin B12 txaus. Tib txoj kev ntseeg siab uas ua tiav qhov no yog los ntawm kev noj zaub mov muaj zog lossis noj tshuaj vitamin B12 ntxiv.

2. Vitamin D

Vitamin D yog vitamin-fat-soluble uas pab txhim kho kev nqus ntawm calcium thiab phosphorus los ntawm koj lub plab ().

Cov vitamin no tseem cuam tshuam ntau yam ntawm lub cev, nrog rau kev ua kom lub cev tsis muaj zog, lub siab, lub cim xeeb, thiab cov leeg rov qab los (18,,,).

Qhov kev pom zoo txhua hnub tau tso cai (RDA) rau cov vitamin D rau menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus yog 600 IU (15 mcg) ib hnub. Cov neeg laus, nrog rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub lossis lactating, yuav tsum tsom rau 800 IU (20 mcg) hauv ib hnub (22).

Ntawd tau hais tias, qee cov pov thawj tau qhia tias koj qhov kev xav tau txhua hnub yog siab tshaj qhov RDA tam sim no ().

Hmoov tsis zoo, tsawg cov zaub mov ib txwm muaj cov vitamin D, thiab cov khoom noj uas muaj cov vitamins D feem ntau pom tau tias tsis txaus ntseeg tau ua txhua hnub.

Qhov no tuaj yeem piav qhia ib nrab ntawm cov lus ceeb toom thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov vitamin D tsis txaus ntawm vegans thiab omnivores sib npaug (,)

Ib cag los ntawm qhov me me uas koj tau txais los ntawm koj cov khoom noj, cov vitamin D tuaj yeem ua los ntawm kev tiv thaiv tshav ntuj. Cov neeg feem coob yuav tsim nyog tau cov vitamin D txaus los ntawm siv 15 feeb nyob rau hauv nruab nrab hnub thaum lub hnub nws yuav muaj zog - tsuav lawv tsis siv tshuaj tiv thaiv tshav ntuj thiab ua rau lawv cov tawv nqaij feem ntau.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg laus, cov neeg muaj tawv tawv dub, cov neeg uas nyob rau sab qaum teb lossis thaj chaw huab cua txias, thiab cov neeg uas siv sijhawm me me nyob sab nraud yuav tsis tuaj yeem tsim khoom txaus (,,).

Tsis tas li ntawd, vim tias paub txog kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm kev dhau UV hluav taws xob, ntau tus kws tshaj lij txog kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kev siv lub hnub ci los txhawb cov qib vitamin D ().

Txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws vegans tuaj yeem paub meej tias lawv tau txais cov vitamin D txaus yog kom kuaj ntshav lawv theem. Cov uas tsis tuaj yeem tau txais khoom noj txaus los ntawm cov khoom noj muaj zog thiab hnub ci yuav tsum xav txog kev noj cov tshuaj vitamin D2 lossis vegan muaj vitamin D3 ntxiv.

Txawm hais tias muaj cov vitamin D2 zoo rau cov neeg feem coob, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias cov vitamin D3 zoo dua ntawm kev nce cov ntshav cov vitamin D (,).

Ntsiab lus Vitamin D tsis muaj teeb meem yog teeb meem ntawm vegans thiab omnivores sib npaug.Cov ntshav tsis muaj peev xwm tswj tau kom ntshav khov los ntawm cov khoom noj muaj zog thiab tiv tshav tiv thaiv lub hnub yuav tsum xav txog kev noj tshuaj ntxiv.

3. Cov kav ntev omega-3s

Omega-3 fatty acids yuav muab faib ua ob pawg:

  • Qhov tseem ceeb omega-3 fatty acids: Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) yog qhov tseem ceeb tsuas yog omega-3 fatty acid, txhais tau tias koj tsuas tuaj yeem tau txais nws los ntawm koj cov khoom noj.
  • Ntev-cov saw omega-3 fatty acids: Pawg no suav nrog eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) thiab docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Lawv tsis suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias koj lub cev tuaj yeem ua rau lawv los ntawm ALA.

Ntev omega-3 fatty acids uas yog cov yam ntxwv hauv koj lub hlwb thiab qhov muag. Kev noj zaub mov kom tsis txaus kuj zoo li tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho lub hlwb thiab txo kev pheej hmoo ntawm mob o, kev nyuaj siab, mob cancer mis, thiab saib xyuas qhov tsis txaus siab hyperactivity tsis meej (ADHD) (,,,,,).

Cov nroj tsuag uas muaj ALA ntau dua suav nrog flax noob, chia noob, walnuts, noob hemp, thiab taum pauv. EPA thiab DHA feem ntau pom muaj hauv cov khoom tsiaj xws li cov ntses rog thiab cov roj ntses.

Txais kom txaus ALA yuav tsum tswj raws theem EPA thiab DHA kom txaus. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb kwv yees tias kev hloov pauv ntawm ALA rau EPA yuav tsawg li 5-10%, thaum nws hloov dua siab rau DHA yuav nyob ze 2-5% (,).

Txuas ntxiv, kev tshawb fawb xwm yeem qhia tias cov neeg tsis noj nqaij thiab vegans muaj txog 50% cov ntshav qis thiab cov nqaij ntawm EPA thiab DHA ntau dua li omnivores ().

Yuav luag txhua tus kws paub txog kev noj qab haus huv pom zoo tias 200–300 mg ib hnub twg yuav tsum muaj txaus ().

Cov vev xaib tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov kev pom zoo no los ntawm kev ntxiv roj nrog roj algae.

Dab tsi ntxiv, txo koj kev noj haus ntawm omega-6 fatty acids uas yog los ntawm cov roj, nrog rau cov pob kws, safflower, paj noob hlis thiab noob txiv roj, nrog rau kev ua kom txaus noj cov zaub mov nplua nuj ALA, yuav pab tau ntau ntxiv kom muaj EPA thiab DHA ntau ntau ntxiv ().

Ntsiab lus Cov vev xaib nqaij yuav muaj cov ntshav qis thiab cov qog ntau ntawm cov saw ntev omega-3 fatty acids. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntxiv nrog EPA thiab DHA.

4. Iodine

Tau txais iodine txaus yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm lub qog zoo, uas tswj koj cov metabolism.

Muaj iodine tsis muaj txaus thaum cev xeeb tub thiab menyuam yaus thaum ntxov ua rau muaj kev xiam oob khab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ().

Hauv cov neeg laus, kev noj tshuaj iodine tsis txaus yuav ua rau mob hypothyroidism.

Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau ntau cov tsos mob, xws li kev siv zog tsawg, ua kom tawv nqaij qhuav, tingling hauv koj txhais tes thiab taw, tsis nco qab, ntxhov siab, thiab nce phaus ().

Cov vev xaib tau pom tias muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm iodine tsis txaus, thiab kev tshawb fawb qhia tias vegans muaj txog li 50% cov ntshav iodine qis dua li cov neeg tsis noj nqaij (,).

Qhov RDA rau cov neeg laus yog 150 mcg ntawm iodine ib hnub. Cov poj niam cev xeeb tub yuav tsum tsom mus rau 220 mcg ib hnub, thaum cov neeg uas pub niam mis rau noj tau pom zoo kom nce ntxiv rau lawv tau nce mus rau 290 mcg ib hnub (44).

Iodine theem hauv cov zaub mov cog cia nyob ntawm iodine cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov av uas lawv tau cog. Piv txwv li, cov khoom noj uas tau cog ze rau hauv dej hiav txwv nyhav ntau dua rau ntawm iodine.

Tsuas yog cov khoom noj uas pom tias muaj cov qib iodine siab yog cov ntsev ntsev, nqaij ntses, seaweed, thiab cov khoom siv mis nyuj, uas khaws cov iodine los ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem siv los ntxuav cov nyuj thiab cov cuab yeej ua liaj ua teb.

Ib nrab me nyuam diav (2.5 ml) ntawm iodized ntsev yog txaus kom tau raws li koj cov kev xav tau txhua hnub.

Cov neeg uas tsis xav noj ntsev iodized lossis noj zaub mov seaweed ntau zaug nyob hauv ib lub lis piam yuav tsum xav txog kev noj iodine ntxiv.

Ntsiab lus Iodine ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv koj lub qog ua haujlwm thiab metabolism. Cov vees tsis tau txais iodine txaus los ntawm seaweed lossis iodized ntsev yuav tsum xav txog kev noj iodine ntxiv.

5. Hlau

Cov hlau yog ib yam khoom noj uas siv los ua DNA tshiab thiab ntshav liab, nrog rau cov pa oxygen hauv cov ntshav. Nws kuj tseem xav tau lub zog metabolism ().

Cov hlau me me tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog thiab cov tsos mob zoo li qaug zog thiab txo lub cev tsis ua haujlwm.

Qhov RDA yog 8 mg rau cov laus neeg laus thiab tus poj niam tom qab tau tuag lawm. Nws nce ntxiv txog 18 mg ib hnub twg rau cov poj niam laus, thiab cov poj niam cev xeeb tub yuav tsum tsom 27 mg rau ib hnub (46).

Hlau tuaj yeem tsim muaj ob hom: heme thiab non-heme. Heme hlau tsuas muaj nyob ntawm cov khoom tsiaj, hos cov hlau tsis muaj heme nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag ().

Vim hais tias heme hlau tau yooj yim nqus los ntawm koj cov kev noj haus ntau dua li cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, vegans feem ntau pom zoo kom taw rau 1.8 npaug ntawm RDA li qub. Qhov ntawd tau hais, yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los tsim kom muaj qee qhov kev nkag siab siab xav tau ().

Cov txiv ntseej zaub uas muaj cov zaub mov noj tsawg yuav tsum ua kom noj cov zaub mov muaj zaub mov ntau, xws li zaub kom zaub, taum pauv, taum pauv, txiv ntoo qhuav, noob txiv, thiab noob. Khoom noj muaj muaj hlau, xws li cereals, khob cij, thiab qee tsob ntoo, tuaj yeem pab tau ntxiv (,).

Tsis tas li, kev siv cov lauj kaub-cam ua noj thiab cov lauj kaub los ua noj, kom tsis txhob tshuaj yej los yog kas fes nrog zaub mov noj, thiab sib xyaw cov zaub mov muaj hlau uas muaj cov tshuaj vitamin C tuaj yeem pab ua kom muaj zog hlau.

Txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txiav txim siab seb puas tsim nyog pabcuam yog tsim nyog tau txais koj qib ntshav hemoglobin thiab ferritin tshuaj xyuas los ntawm koj tus kws kho mob.

Kev siv tsis tsim nyog ntawm cov tshuaj zoo li hlau tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj ntau dua li qhov zoo los ntawm kev ua kom lub hlwb lossis thaiv qhov nqus ntawm lwm yam minerals ().

Kev kub siab ntau heev tuaj yeem ua rau nrhoo, ua rau lub cev tsis ua haujlwm lossis rov qab zoo li qub, thiab ua rau tuag taus rau qee kis. Yog li, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj tsis tau ntxiv tshwj tsis yog nws tsim nyog tiag ().

Ntsiab lus Cov nqaij ntshiv tsis tau txais cov hlau txaus los ntawm lawv cov pluas noj yuav tsum xav txog cov khoom noj muaj zog lossis ntxiv rau. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv ntau dhau heev tuaj yeem tsim kev phom sij, thiab kev pabcuam hlau tsis pom zoo rau txhua tus.

6. Calcium

Calcium yog cov ntxhia pob txha uas yuav tsum muaj kev noj qab haus huv zoo rau pob txha thiab hniav. Nws kuj yog lub luag haujlwm hauv cov leeg ua haujlwm, kev taw qhia rau lub siab, thiab lub siab.

Qhov RDA rau calcium raug teeb tsa ntawm 1,000 mg rau ib hnub rau feem ntau cov neeg laus thiab nce ntxiv rau 1,200 mg rau ib hnub rau cov neeg laus hnub nyoog 50 (51).

Cov chaw cog ntawm cov calcium muaj xws li bok choy, kale, zaub ntsuab, zaub ntsuab, zaub dej, zaub cob pob, qaib txiv ntoo, calcium tofu, thiab cov hmoov ntoo lossis kua txiv muaj roj.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb pom zoo tias feem ntau cov vegans tsis tau txais calcium txaus (,).

Ib qho lus ceeb toom feem ntau ntawm cov vegan zej zog yog tias vegans muaj cov kev xav tau calcium qis dua omnivores vim tias lawv tsis siv cov ntxhia no los ua kom tsis muaj acidity uas ua los ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo nqaij.

Tseem muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los soj ntsuam seb cov zaub mov tsis muaj nqaij noj muaj txiaj ntsig li cas rau cov kev xav calcium txhua hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov pov thawj tau qhia tias vegans noj tsawg dua 525 mg ntawm cov calcium uas ntxim nyiam muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm pob txha pob txha ().

Vim li no, txhua tus vegans raug txhawb kom taw rau RDA, ua kom lawv haus tsawg kawg 525 mg ntawm cov calcium hauv ib hnub. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau siv yog tias qhov no tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev noj zaub mov noj lossis cov khoom noj muaj zog.

Ntsiab lus Cov zaub ntsuab noj haus uas tsis muaj cov calcium ntau dhau yuav tsum txiav txim siab noj cov tshuaj ntxiv txhua hnub. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev rau cov uas tau txais tsawg dua 525 mg ib hnub.

7. Cov Zinc

Zinc yog cov ntxhia pob zeb uas tseem ceeb heev rau cov metabolism hauv lub cev, lub zog tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab kev hloov kho lub cev lub cev.

Kev noj tsis txaus ntawm cov zinc yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem ntawm kev txhim kho, plaub hau poob, zawv plab, thiab kho cov plaub hau kom zoo.

Qhov RDA rau zinc tam sim no tau teeb tsa ntawm 8–11 mg rau ib hnub rau cov neeg laus. Nws nce ntxiv mus rau 11–12 mg rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub thiab 12-13 mg rau cov pojniam muaj menyuam (54).

Tsawg lub cog khoom noj muaj cov zinc ntau. Ntxiv mus, zinc nqus ntawm qee cov khoom noj cog tau txwv vim lawv cov ntsiab lus phytate. Yog li, cov neeg tsis noj zaub noj raug txhawb kom taw rau 1.5 npaug ntawm RDA (54).

Thaum tsis yog txhua tus vegans muaj cov ntshav qis ntawm zinc, kev soj ntsuam tsis ntev los no ntawm 26 cov kev tshawb fawb pom tias cov neeg tsis noj nqaij - thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vegans - muaj qis zinc nkag thiab txo qis cov ntshav ntawm zinc tshaj omnivores ().

Txhawm rau kom koj cov zaub mov ntau tshaj plaws, noj ntau yam khoom noj uas muaj zinc-ntau lub hnub. Cov no suav nrog tag nrho cov noob nplej, cov noob nplej, taum paj, qhaub cij, legumes, noob txiv, thiab noob.

Soaking txiv ntseej, noob, thiab legumes thaum hmo ntuj, noj zaub mov muaj protein ntau txaus, thiab haus cov khoom noj muaj rog, xws li tempeh thiab miso, tseem zoo li txhawb kev nqus ().

Cov vev xaib txhawj xeeb txog lawv cov zinc ua kom tsawg los yog cov uas muaj cov tsos mob ntawm lub cev tsis tuaj yeem xav txog kev noj cov tshuaj zinc zinc gluconate lossis zinc citrate ntxiv uas muab 50–100% ntawm RDA.

Ntsiab lus Cov zaub mov tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag cov zinc RDA yuav tsum xub tsom rau ntxiv cov zaub mov muaj nplua nuj zinc rau lawv cov pluas noj. Cov uas tsis muaj ntshav ntau ntawm cov zinc yuav tsum xav txog kev noj tshuaj txhua hnub.

Hauv qab kab

Cov pluas noj vegan npaj zoo tuaj yeem ua tiav koj cov kev xav tau ntawm kev noj zaub mov.

Uas tau hais tias, qee qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig yuav nyuaj rau kev ua tiav los ntawm kev noj haus thiab cov khoom noj muaj zog ntawm ib leeg.

Qhov no muaj tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov vitamin B12, vitamin D, thiab ntev-cov saw omega-3s.

Txhua tus vegans uas tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li lawv cov kev qhia noj zaub mov noj los ntawm kev noj zaub mov ib leeg yuav tsum xav txog kev noj tshuaj pab. Tseem, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los tham nrog koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej pib txoj cai tshiab.

Cov Khoom Tshiab

Qoj Qoj Ib Hlis ntawm Ib Hlis: S Factor Workout

Qoj Qoj Ib Hlis ntawm Ib Hlis: S Factor Workout

Yog tia koj tab tom nrhiav kev lom zem, ua haujlwm tau ntxim hlub ua ua rau koj lub nt ej muag luag ntxhi, Factor yog chav kawm rau koj. Kev tawm dag zog ua kom koj lub cev tag nrho nrog kev ib xyaw u...
Ntxiv Cov Ntshav Super Super Hmoov rau Koj Cov Pluas Noj rau Kev Noj Qab Nyob Zoo

Ntxiv Cov Ntshav Super Super Hmoov rau Koj Cov Pluas Noj rau Kev Noj Qab Nyob Zoo

Ntev ploj mu yog hnub thaum noj kale hnov ​​​​ntxhiab lo yog kab txawv. Tam im no muaj ntau txoj hauv kev txawv txav lo noj koj cov zaub nt uab, xw li pirulina, moringa, chlorella, matcha, thiab wheat...